INTRODUCTION 61 It becomes frequent in early vernaculars and develops a pleonastic function. $47. In amavasa- 12 6 9, ana- js a negative prefix. kr- and du- (=dur-, dus-) have the same function as in Sanskrit. V. Ste m-formation $48. As the final consonant of the stems disappeared since the Prakrit stage, all the Ap. stems end in a vowel. The quantity of the final vowel is indifferent. The general tendency of Ap. is to shorten the final syllable and hence Pk. fem. stems in -a, -z and -ü appear as A, I andU stems in Ap. as a rule. But due to liberal use of Prakritisms, due to the later development -iya-into-7 and -uya- into - and due to lengthening and shortening affected to suit metre, we have Ap. stems ending in -a, -i, -U as well as ā, -7, -ū. The stems with a short final predominate. The other ones are used often to satisfy exigencies of metre. $49. Enlargement of the stem by adding -ya- (from 'svārthe kaḥ) is quite common. Final -aya, -iya and -uya of the enlarged stems are liable to become mã, -i, and -u respectively through con- contraction and hence in A-declension (mas. and neut.) we have two parallel stems, one ending in -a (or -aya), the other ending in -1. The latter has later on considerably contributed to the evolu- tion of the oblique form of the NIA. languages. $50. The tendency of normalization in nominal and verbal fiexion developed in Prakrit has gained considerable strength in Ap. The other types are gradually brought in line with the A-type. bahava- (bahu-) 5 91, pasava- (pasu-) 14 11 8, illustrating the change of U-stems to A-stems and the Ins. sing. forms in -eń from I-stems ($83) are indicative of this tendency. Similarly in the case of Fem. A-stem, instrumentals in -ehim (875), Gen. forms in -hum (580) and Loc. forms in chim (976) illustrate the influence of the masculine. $51. In the case of the fem. bases, the general tendency in Ap. is to turn l-bases into A-bases by enlarging them with the addition of the pleonatic suffix -iya. VI. Inflexion Substantive. $52. The flexion system of Ap. is in a process of disintegra- tion. Merging of Nom. and Acc., of Abl. and Gen., partial merging of Ins. and Loc., confusion of masc. and neut., domination of A declension, and increasing employment of post-positions to convey various case relations are the characteristic indications of this state of affairs. $53. The Ap. used in the Varnavrttas and some of the Matrāv. rttas is more or less Prakritized. Many Pk. forms are found in the passages composed in those meters. Stems in -a (mas, and neut.). $54. For the influence of this type over other types see $850, 80, 83. $55. -u (enl. -au) is the only termination in the Nom. and Acc. sing., there being no form in -a or å. Nom. sing. forms in -o occur sporadically as Prakritisms before the indeclinable vi (1 7 9, 2 13 9, 4 5 8, 4 13 3 etc.) and under metrical stress (17 6 1, 17 10 1 etc.). Metre is also responsible for occasional Prakrit Acc. in -arr.
