56 PALMACARIU 7. Nasalized -- $17. According to Hemacandra intervocalic -m- in Apa- bhrarna was pronounced by some as nasalized v. Some Ap. Mss. also give some indications to this effect. Words like karami, jema are casually written as karavm, jeva, jemva, jeva or jernva. Barring a few stray words our Mss. preserve m-. Only twice the pres. 1. sing. is found ending in -vi in all the three Mss. and P. and S, as con- trasted with A. have a tendency to write jeva, teva, etc. for jema. tema. In the latter case I have retained m whenever I found it even in a single Ms. When all the three Mss. agreed in writing v, I have not changed it to m. $18. Quite casually -v- is found nasalized under the influence of a following nasal, e.g., Rāmaņu, Rāmvanu written for Ravanu. In such cases, unless there is the support of A. and P. I have not accepted such a nasalized v as authentic. $19. More interesting is the case of the particle vi following an Anunāsika or a syllable containing a nasal. In this case A. and P. have a definite tendency of nasalizing vi to mi and omitting the preceding Anunāsika. This spelling has been accepted as standard in the constituted text. For examples, see $29. Personally I believe it to be a comparatively later trait and as such unknown to early Apabhrarnía, but in this point I could not ignore the testi- mony of the Mss. Alsdorf also has accepted this practice in his edition of the Harivansapurāņa. 8. The Vargānu nāsika. $20. The nasal preceding a consonant is given in the Mss. always as an Anusvāra. I have followed the practice of Alsdorf and Jacobi (the only two scholars so far to study the problems of Apabhranaśa linguistics and textual criticism in a critical, syste- matic manner) and have reproduced the Anunāsika as the Vargānu- násika before the stops. The only exception has been made in the case of the compounds with the preposition sam- which are retained with sam. $21. The Mss. of Puşpadanta's Mahāpurāņa, represent two distinct groups—one optionally preserving r in groups of conjuncts having r as a latter member, the other group assimilating it. Con- trasted with this, the Mss. of the Paümacariu assimilate such groups without exception. II. Sporadic phonetic changes. $22. Shortening of vowels: a) General tendency to shorten the final syllable. Hence fem. A stems of the earlier stage occur in Apa. as A stems. See also $23 b. b) At times binding i of the cvi-forms is shortened as in vasikiya- (vašīkyta-) 4 5 3, kannuppali- karevi (karnotpalikstya) 1 81, etc. c) Shortening in stray cases: aliyaya- (alika- enl.) 8 3 6, gahira- (gabhira-) 1 5 3, camiyara- (cāmi- kara-) 7 2 2, 14 6 9,-pidha- (pītha-) 4 5 9, Bhaïrahi- (Bhagirathi-) 5 13 3,5 14 3 as against Bhairahi 5 10 7,5 11 3, paripälaniya- (pari- pälaniya-) 6 16 7. 23. Lengthening of vowels: a) compensatory lengthening of a preceding vowel consequent upon the simplification of a conjunct. This tendency has become one of the chief characteristics of the New Indo-Aryan Stage. For instances see $33. b) The quantity
